Tomas Gýstav Vınner zertteýindegi Murat Móńkeuly shyǵarmashylyǵy týraly oı-pikirler

Qazaq poezııasynyń kórnekti ókili, arqaly aqyn, jampoz jyraý Murat Móńkeulynyń shyǵarmalary ár jyldarda búgingi qazaq jerinen tysqary qalalarda jaryq kórdi. 1908 jyly Qazandaǵy aǵaıyndy Kárimovter bas­pasynan «Murat aqynnyń Ǵumar Qazy uǵlyna aıtqany» degen kitap arab qarpimen basylyp shyqty. Bul – aqyn shyǵarmalarynyń alǵashqy basylymy edi. Ony naqty kim ázirlegeni jóninde ázirge eshqandaı málimet joq. Murat aqynnyń tuńǵysh zertteýshisi – Alashtyń ardaqty perzenti Halel Dosmuhameduly 1924 jyly Tashkent qalasynan «Murat aqynnyń sózderi» atty kitapty bastyryp shyǵardy. Budan soń Murat aqynnyń shyǵarmalary 1940 jyly Máskeýde basylǵan «Pesnı stepeı» atty qazaq ádebıetiniń antologııasynda (jalpy redaksııasyn basqarǵan Leonıd Sobolev) jarııalandy. Muhtar Maǵaýın 1978 jyly Murattyń «Úsh qııan» tolǵaýynyń aýdarmasyn Lenıngrad qalasynan shyq­qan «Poety Kazahstana» atty antologııaǵa engizdi. 

Al 1958 jyly Amerıka Qurama Shtattarynyń Dıýk ýnıversıtetiniń professory Tomas Gýstav Vınnerdiń aǵylshyn tilinde basylǵan «Reseılik Ortalyq Azııa qazaqtarynyń aýyzeki shyǵarmashylyǵy men ádebıeti» atty kitabynda Murat Móńkeulynyń óleńderine taldaý jasaldy. Belgili ádebıet­tanýshy-ǵalym Amantaı Shá­rip ekeýmiz 1995 jyly AQSh-tyń Okla­homa memlekettik ýnıversıtetiniń kitaphanasynan qazaq poezııasynyń ozyq úlgileri taldanǵan, sonyń ishinde Murat murasyna da oryn berilgen kitapty taýyp, kóshirmesin alyp kel­dik (Thomas G. Winner. The oral art and literature of the Kazakhs of Russian Central Asia. Duke university press, 1958. – 270 p). 

Qazaq halqynyń ádebıetin, onyń ishinde zar zaman kezeńin, sol dáýirdiń ókili Murat Móńkeulynyń óleń-tol­ǵaýlaryn taldap, arnaıy kitap jaz­ǵan Tomas Gýstav Vınnerdi tanys­tyra keteıik. Ol 1917 jyly 3 mamyr­da Pragada dúnıege kelgen. 2004 jy­ly 20 sáýirde Amerıka Qurama Shtat­tarynyń Massachýtes shtatynda, Kembrıdj qalasynda qaıtys boldy. Ol – sondaı-aq Lev Tolstoı men Anton Chehov shyǵarmalaryn jan-jaqty zerttegen ǵalym. Vınnerdiń «Tol­stoıdyń Iаsnaıa Polıanadaǵy shá­kirt­teriniń shyǵarmashylyq jumys­tary», «Chehov jáne onyń prozasy», «Chehovtiń «Shaǵalasy» jáne Sheks­pırdiń «Gamleti», taǵy basqa ǵylymı mono­grafııalyq eńbekteri jaryq kórgen.

Tomas Gýstav Vınnerdiń «Reseılik Ortalyq Azııa qazaqtarynyń aýyzeki shyǵarmashylyǵy men ádebıeti» atty kitaby 1980 jyly Nıý Iorkte jáne 2002 jyly Stenfordta qaıta jaryqqa shyqty. Kitaptyń budan da basqa basylymdary bar. 

T.G.Vınner óz zertteýinde Murat aqynnyń áıgili «Úsh qııan» tolǵaýynan mynadaı úzindi keltiredi: 

The soldier’s bayonet has taken 

the steppe from us –

The tsar has thrust his hand into 

our pocket,

And when he took the Džajyq from us

He gripped us by the collar.

He has realized his inventions.

The black hand of the thief

Has forever taken Uil from us

And the Mangyshlak peninsula.

Dragging his bullock cars, 

he advanced,

To Ǘrgench, Tashkent, and Bukhara,

Taking, along the road, everything 

for himself:

Women and men and even the children,

Cattle and land. If you look around,

O men – over our native land

The day of life, like an evil night, 

is dark.

Osy tusqa kelgende «О́miri qazaq topyraǵyn baspaǵan Tomas Vınner Murattyń tyıym salynǵan óleńderin qaıdan aldy eken?», – degen saýal týyndaıdy. Onyń ústine aýdarma túp­nusqadan edáýir alshaqtap ketken. Aǵylshynshaǵa qandaı talantty tárjimashy aýdarsa da, jampoz jyr júıriginiń túıdektelip túsetin qýatty tirkesteri tól tilimizdegideı jymdasyp turmaıtyny anyq. Mátindi biraz qaraǵan soń tolǵaýdyń osy jol­darynyń qaıdan alynǵanyn anyqtaý asa qıyn bolǵan joq. 1940 jyly Máskeýde jaryq kórgen «Pesnı stepeı» atty qazaq poezııasynyń antologııasyna zar zaman poezııasynyń birqatar úlgileri engizilgen-di. Kitap tórt taraýǵa bólingen: han saraıy mańyndaǵy aqyndar (Buqar, Nysanbaı, Dosqoja), kóterilis dáýiri poezııasy (Yǵylman, Mahambet, Shernııaz), zar zaman («epoha skorbı») aqyndary (Shortanbaı, Murat), XIX ǵasyrdaǵy jazba ádebıeti (Ybyraı, Sháńgereı, Abaı, Júsip, Nurjan). Jınaqty qurastyrýshy Leonıd Sobolevtiń: «Eki jaqty ezgige ushyrap, óz jurtynyń qaltalylary men patsha otarlaýshylarynan qorlyq kórgen qazaq halkynyń qaıǵysy «zar zaman» aqyndary – Shortanbaı men Murattyń óleńderinde kórinis tapty», – degen pikiri kúni búgin de qunyn joǵalta qoıǵan joq. 

Bul kitapqa engen Murat aqynnyń «Úsh qııan» («Trı epohı») tolǵaýyn aýdarǵan Pavel Nıkolaevıch Shýbın (1914-1950) – keńestik dáýirde keń tanymal bolǵan orys aqyny, jýrnalıst, aýdarmashy. Amerıkalyq ǵalym T.G.Vınner «Úsh qııannyń» orys tilindegi osy aýdarmasyn paıdalanyp, sony aǵylshynsha sóıletken. Eki tildegi óleń mátinderin salystyra qaraǵanda muny anyq ańǵarýǵa bolady: 

Stepı otobral soldatskıı shtyk –

Sar v karman nam rýký zapýstıl,

A kogda otnıal ý nas Iаık –

To ı vovse za vorot shvatıl.

Zamysel on svoı osýshestvıl:

Vorovskaıa chernaıa rýka

Navsegda otobrala Ýıl,

Polýostrova Mangyshlaka.

Volocha arbý, on shel vpered –

V Ýrgenchı, v Tashkent ı v Býharý,

Vse berıa dorogoı na ýchet:

Jenshın, ı mýjchın ı detvorý,

Skot ı zemlıý... Poglıadısh vokrýg,

O, jıgıty, – nad stranoı rodnoı

Jıznı den, kak zlaıa polnoch, glýh,

Ot nego hot v omýt golovoı! 

T.G.Vınnerdiń ǵylymı eńbegi aýyz ádebıeti nusqalarynan bastap qazaq ádebıetiniń elýinshi jyldarǵa deıingi kezeńin molynan qamtıdy. Kitabynyń alǵy sózinde ǵalymnyń ózi: «Aınalymǵa qosylatyn barlyq túpnusqa týyndylar muqııat tekse­rildi, biraq osy eńbek jazylyp jat­qan tusta Keńester Odaǵynyń ózinde jan-jaqty zertteý júrgizýge múm­kinshilik bolǵan joq. Sol sebepti meniń qazaq ádebıeti men sóz óneriniń este­tıkalyq qundylyqtary týraly qandaı da bolsyn kesimdi pikir aıta alamyn degen oıym joq. Odan góri men áleýmettik kózqarasqa den qoıdym», – dep aǵynan jaryla atap kórsetedi. Avtor zar zaman dáýiri («Time of Lament») aqyndarynyń sanatynda Shortanbaı men Muratty ataıdy. Bazar, Ábýbákir jáne Aqan seriniń shyǵarmalaryn da osy sarynmen baılanystyrady. T.G.Vınner zertteýinde, ásirese aldyńǵy eki aqynnyń aǵylshyn tiline aýdarylǵan óleń mátinderi birshama taldanǵan. Shortanbaıdyń «Zar zaman» («Time of Lament») jáne «Aldaýshy jalǵan» («Faithless Lying»), Murattyń «Úsh qııan» («Three Epochs») tolǵaýlary orys tilindegi aýdarmasy arqyly aǵylshynshaǵa tárjimalanǵan. Sonda Shortanbaıdyń «Saýyp isher súti joq, Minip kórer kúshi joq, Aqsha degen mal shyqtysynyń» AQSh-ta basylǵan oqýlyqtaǵy nusqasy bylaı bolady:

Instead of herds, money. 

From such cattle

Yow can obtain no milk.

How can one put a saddle on it?

Bul, árıne, joǵaryda aıtqany­myzdaı, túpnusqanyń bar boıaýyn saq­taǵan aýdarma emes, avtordyń ózi moıyndaǵandaı, áleýmettik kózqa­ras­ty tanytý maqsaty ǵana alǵa qoıylǵan sekildi. Sondyqtan ol «Úsh qııandy» taldaı otyryp, «Murat tyǵyryqtan shyǵar jol izdep, «zamanany qalaı jónge keltiremiz?» – degen saýalǵa jaýap tappaı qınaldy»,  dep, qazaq ádebıetinde áldeneshe ret aıtylǵan dástúrli qorytyndyǵa keledi. Eń bastysy, T.G.Vınner zar zaman ádebıetiniń tabıǵatyn tanıdy, áleýmettik-tarıhı sebepterine úńiledi, halyq taǵdyrymen tamyrlastyǵyna nazar aýdarady. Bul zertteý osynysymen de bıik turady.

Al endi erkindeý kósilgen Pavel Shýbınniń aýdarmasyna negiz bolǵan «Úsh qııannyń» túpnusqadaǵy úzindisi mynaý edi:

Edildi tartyp alǵany – 

Etekke qoldy salǵany. 

Jaıyqty tartyp alǵany – 

Jaǵaǵa qoldy salǵany. 

Oıyldy tartyp alǵany – 

Oıdaǵysy bolǵany. 

Mańǵystaýdyń úsh túbek 

Ony-daǵy alǵany. 

Úrgenish pen Buqarǵa 

Arbasyn súırep barǵany,

Qonystyń bar ma qalǵany? 

Mal men basty eseptep, 

Balanyń sanyn alǵany. 

Ańǵarsańyz, jigitter, 

Zamanany taǵy da 

Bir qyrsyqtyń shalǵany! 

T.G.Vınner otarshyldyq dáýirdegi jyr-tolǵaýlarǵa arnalǵan taraýdy «Zar zaman óleńderi» nemese «Moıyn­suný dáýiriniń poezııasy» («Poetry of Resignation») dep ataǵan. Onyń zertteý eńbeginde Eset Kótibarov pen Beket batyrdyń bastaýymen bolǵan kóterilister basyp-janshylǵannan keıin halyqtyń narazylyqqa toly kóńil kúıi zar zaman aqyndarynyń óleńderinde kórinis tapqany týraly aıtylady. Sol kezeń aqyndarynyń tyǵyryqqa tirelgen jurttyń taǵdy­ryn baıandaý úshin dástúrli jerleý salttarynda oryndalatyn joqtaý jyr­larynyń úlgisine kóbirek den qoı­ǵanyn tilge tıek etedi. Olardyń budan qutylýdyń joly retinde mıs­tıkaǵa berilip, toryǵýǵa salynýdy qup kórgenin baıandaıdy. «Zar zaman» aǵymynyń kóńil kúıin beınelegen eń aıshyqty shyǵarmalardyń biri – orys otarlaýshylarynyń ezgisinen janshylyp-jantalasý sezimin tanytatyn Murattyń «Úsh qııan» («Three Epochs») poemasy. Aqyn qazaqtyń erlikke toly jáne ańyzǵa aınalǵan ótken dáýirin, qazaq sarbazdarynyń erligin, jerdiń qadir-qasıetin jáne qısapsyz malyn eske ala otyryp, ókinishten óksıdi», – deıdi T.G.Vınner. Ol Shortanbaı sııaqty Murat pozııasynda da jemqorlyqtyń jaıy men qarapaıym halyqtyń ezgige túsýin beıneleý jaǵynan úndestik baıqalatyny jóninde baılam jasady. Aqynnyń orystar engizgen kez kelgen salt-dástúrdi qabyldaýǵa, tipti qazaqqa úılese qoımaıtyn batystyq úlgidegi kıimge de qarsy bolǵanyn atap kórsetedi. Osyǵan oraı zertteýshi myna úzindini mysalǵa keltiredi: 

He wears a suit, without sleeves,

Straight as a board. Between body 

and belt

You cannot even stick a finger – 

everything is pulled tight.

Bul joldardyń da «Pesnı stepeı» antologııasynda jaryq kórgen, Pavel Shýbın aýdarǵan «Úsh qııannan» («Trı epohı») alynyp, tikeleı tárji­malanǵany daý týdyrmaıdy. Orys­shadan aǵylshynshaǵa jolma-jol aýda­rylǵan. Tirkestiń túzilý reti, ornalasqan qatary, tipti tynys bel­gilerine deıin saqtalǵan. Shaıyrlyq úrdispen shabyttana shalqyǵan Shýbın­niń shýmaqtaryn saralap kórem deseńiz, minekeı:

Nosıt on kostıým bez rýkavov,

Prıam, kak palka. Mejdý kýshakov

Palsa ne prosýnesh, − 

stıanýt ves...

Al endi bul aryndy aqyn Murattyń «Úsh qııanyndaǵy» «qatpa bolǵan túıedeı», «kıeńki bolǵan bıedeı», «eki buty taralǵan» «el bılegen bir sym­­pys­ty» keıiptegen barshaǵa málim áıgili tirkester ekenin oqyrman ańǵa­ryp otyrǵan bolar: 

Kıim kıse jeńi joq,

Etegi bar da beli joq,

Barmaq sııar jeri joq...

Amerıkalyq ǵalym Tomas Gýstav Vınner eńbeginiń qundylyǵy mynada. Ádebı murany salmaqtap-saralaý maqsatymen 1959 jyly Almatyda ótkizilgen áıgili konferensııada Murat aqynnyń jáne onyń rýhtastarynyń shyǵarmalary aıaýsyz synalyp jatqan kezde bul monografııa sonaý muhıttyń arǵy jaǵynda jaryq kórdi. Onda zar zaman aqyndarynyń murasy ǵalym tarapynan óz dáýiri turǵysynan laıyqty baǵalandy. 

Búginde týǵanyna 175 jyl tolǵan Murat Móńkeulynyń halyqaralyq deńgeıde tanytylýy áli de jalǵasyp keledi. О́tken jyly Germanııada aǵyl­shyn tilinde basylyp shyǵyp «Amazon.com» halyqaralyq ınternet dúkeni arqyly oqyrmanǵa usynylǵan «Qa­zaq jáne qyrǵyz ádebıetterindegi zar zaman aǵymy» (genezıs, tıpologııa, poetıka)» atty bizdiń monografııa­myzda  Murat aqynnyń shyǵarmashylyǵyna da keńinen oryn tıdi.

Murataný men murattanýdyń úıle­simi aldaǵy ýaqytta da saqtala bermek.

Baýyrjan OMARULY,

UǴA korrespondent-múshesi,

fılologııa ǵylymdarynyń doktory, professor